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This paper considers matched-field tracking and track prediction for a moving ocean acoustic source when properties of the environment (water column and seabed) are poorly known. The goal is not simply to estimate source locations...
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This paper considers matched-field tracking and track prediction for a moving ocean acoustic source when properties of the environment (water column and seabed) are poorly known. The goal is not simply to estimate source locations, but to determine track uncertainty distributions, thereby quantifying the information content of the tracking process. The algorithm involves two stages. The first stage (referred to as the tracking stage) consists of probabilistic tracking by inverting acoustic recordings of the source at a sequence of past times. For this problem, a Bayesian formulation is applied in which the posterior probability density (PPD) is integrated over unknown environmental parameters to obtain a time-ordered sequence of joint marginal probability surfaces over source range and depth, referred to as probability ambiguity surfaces (PASs). Due to the strong nonlinearity of the matched-field problem, this inversion is carried out numerically using Markov-Chain Monte Carlo methods. In particular, Metropolis-Hastings sampling is applied to environmental parameters (rotated into principal components) and two-dimensional Gibbs sampling to source locations to take advantage of fast computation of conditional probability distributions over range and depth using normal mode methods. This approach provides a large ensemble of track realizations drawn from the PPD [1, 2].
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Today's embedded system designer has limited assistance in performing system design tasks but yet has a range of software tools to assist the implementation process. The availability of these tools is often the most important issu...
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Today's embedded system designer has limited assistance in performing system design tasks but yet has a range of software tools to assist the implementation process. The availability of these tools is often the most important issue when selecting a particular microcontroller. In this article, the authors describe the research performed to analyse the requirements for the development of an Integrated development environment (IDE) for embedded system design. These issues are initially investigated from a high level in terms of the architectural considerations of the system. The research then considers the format and frequency of the data to be transferred within the system and finally the available communication mechanisms. the article concludes with a recommended approach to the development of an IDE for embedded system design.
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Collaborative working in construction is becoming a reality as many activities are performed globally with actors based in various geographical locations. This paper discusses the development and implementation of a collaborative ...
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Collaborative working in construction is becoming a reality as many activities are performed globally with actors based in various geographical locations. This paper discusses the development and implementation of a collaborative working environment for construction at the University of Salford which is known as Web-based IFC Shared Project Environment (WlSPER). The environment is based on a three tier architecture, where user interfaces, business logic and database are kept separate. A Web and Industry Foundation Classes-based (IFC--based) distributed computer integrated environment has been developed. This environment supports design (CAD), visualisation (VR and Drawing Web Format -- DWF), estimating, planning, specifications and supplier information. WISPER enables project information to be exchanged through a STEP Part 2l file and shared through the lFC database. Meanwhile, a set of Web pages allows for remote interaction, as well as access to and the distribution of applications. This provides great flexibility and portability, thereby enabling construction professionals to contribute as well as to perform and manage their own activities.
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The tool integration research area emerged in the 1980s. This survey focuses on those strands of tool integration research that discuss issues beyond technology. We reveal a discourse centered around six frequently mentioned non-f...
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The tool integration research area emerged in the 1980s. This survey focuses on those strands of tool integration research that discuss issues beyond technology. We reveal a discourse centered around six frequently mentioned non-functional properties. These properties have been discussed in relation to technology and high level issues. However, while technical details have been covered, high level issues and, by extension, the contexts in which tool integration can be found, are treated indifferently. We conclude that this indifference needs to be challenged, and research on a larger set of stakeholders and contexts initiated. An inventory of the use of classification schemes underlines the difficulty of evolving the classical classification scheme published by Wasserman. Two frequently mentioned redefinitions are highlighted to facilitate their wider use. A closer look at the limited number of research methods and the poor attention to research design indicates a need for a changed set of research methods. We propose more critical case studies and method diversification through theory triangulation. Additionally, among disparate discourses we highlight several focusing on standardization which are likely to contain relevant findings. This suggests that open communities employed in the context of (pre-)standardization could be especially important in furthering the targeted discourse.
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Switzerland is from the end of World War II an immigration country. After three decades of labour migration, in the early 1980s, family reunification progressively became the most important reason for immigration. At the time of t...
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Switzerland is from the end of World War II an immigration country. After three decades of labour migration, in the early 1980s, family reunification progressively became the most important reason for immigration. At the time of the 2000 Census, there were 1.5 million documented foreigners living in Switzerland. This represented 20% of the resident population, one of the highest proportions of foreigners in any country in Europe. Approximately 39% of children in Switzerland were members of families of foreign origin with at least one foreign-born parent. This paper statistically describes the living conditions and socioeconomic environment of those children, by computing indicators according to the origin. It shows the huge diversity of situations regarding the socioeconomic position of parents and the social background. In particular, children from Western Europe and the United States live in highly skilled families whereas children from Portugal and the Balkans live in families with a very low level of qualification. Such results justify the formulation of integration and school policies that take into account the characteristics of each migration flow.
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Today's embedded system designer has limited assistance in performing system design tasks but yet has a range of software tools to assist the implementation process. The availability of these tools is often the most important issu...
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Today's embedded system designer has limited assistance in performing system design tasks but yet has a range of software tools to assist the implementation process. The availability of these tools is often the most important issue when selecting a particular microcontroller. In this paper the authors describe research performed to analyse the requirements for the development of an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for embedded system design. Issues are considered from a users' viewpoint in terms of the usability and functionality of the system, and the commercial products currently available in the market. The paper concludes with a description of the need and content of a new IDE to meet the users' requirements.
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Two or more services on the Internet are made to cooperate dynamically, represented by the Web service. However, such while the technique of new service construction is proposed, a present condition proposal is not made about the ...
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Two or more services on the Internet are made to cooperate dynamically, represented by the Web service. However, such while the technique of new service construction is proposed, a present condition proposal is not made about the technique of the test for guaranteeing the quality of the service. In this paper, by clarifying the difference in the test method by the difference in a system, and clarifying the feature of the Service Integration Environment, we examine a test method on the Service Integration Environment.
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The study investigates the influences of FDI inflows and trade openness on CO2 emissions by using a theoretical framework composed by the STIRPAT model and the EKC hypothesis for 33 emerging economies over the period 1996-2014. Ou...
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The study investigates the influences of FDI inflows and trade openness on CO2 emissions by using a theoretical framework composed by the STIRPAT model and the EKC hypothesis for 33 emerging economies over the period 1996-2014. Our empirical results show interesting findings. Firstly, there is strong evidence on the existence of the EKC hypothesis for emerging economies. Secondly, FDI inflows significantly contribute to the CO2 emissions in the short and long term confirming the pollution haven hypothesis according to which foreign investment is made in polluting industries. Trade openness has a positive impact on CO2 emissions, especially in the short run; however, this variable has a negative impact on the CO2 emissions in the long run. These observations have also been discussed by components of CO2 emissions, and they suggest policy-makers to develop an environmentally friendly strategy by adopting a strategy promoting conjointly trade openness and FDI inflows in flexible sectors that can easily integrate the international environmental standards rather FDIs invested in manufacturing\producing sectors - according to our study, such long-term strategy appears to be the best choice for an emerging country to benefit from a 'pollution-halo' (i.e. FDI inflows contribute to reducing the CO2 emissions).
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In order to promote international understanding and acceptance of the integrated risk assessment process, the World Health Organization/International Programme on Chemical Safety (WHO/IPCS), in collaboration with the U.S. Environm...
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In order to promote international understanding and acceptance of the integrated risk assessment process, the World Health Organization/International Programme on Chemical Safety (WHO/IPCS), in collaboration with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, initiated a number of activities related to integrated risk assessment. In this project, the WHO/IPCS defines integrated risk assessment as a science-based approach that combines the processes of risk estimation for humans, biota, and natural resources in one assessment. This article explores the strengths and weaknesses of integration as identified up to this date and the degree of acceptance of this concept by the global risk assessment/risk management community. It discusses both opportunities and impediments for further development and implementation. The major emerging opportunities for an integrated approach stem from the increasing societal and political pressure to move away from vertebrate testing leading to a demand for scientific integrated approaches to in vitro and in vivo testing, as well as to computer simulations, in so-called Intelligent Testing Strategies. In addition, by weighing the evidence from conventional mammalian toxicology, ecotoxicology, human epidemiology, and eco-epidemiology, risk assessors could better characterize mechanisms of action and the forms of the relationships of exposures to responses. It is concluded that further demonstrations of scientific, economic and regulatory benefits of an integrated approach are needed. As risk assessment is becoming more mechanistic and molecular this may create an integrated approach based on com- mon mechanisms and a common systems-biology approach.
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Debugging is a tedious and costly process that demands a profound understanding of the dynamic behavior of programs. An omniscient debugger makes the task of tracking down the root cause of bugs straightforward by enabling program...
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Debugging is a tedious and costly process that demands a profound understanding of the dynamic behavior of programs. An omniscient debugger makes the task of tracking down the root cause of bugs straightforward by enabling programmers to seamlessly navigate a buggy program's execution history. So why don't we all have an omniscient debugger in our favorite development environment? Are the challenges of making omniscient debugging practical a definitive barrier to its adoption? This article describes TOD, a scalable omniscient debugger for Java. TOD is integrated into the Eclipse IDE and paves the way for practical omniscient debugging.
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